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?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.????? ???? radiaition ????? ??????.

??????

????? ????? radioisotope ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????, ????????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????.

?????? ??????

????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ???

?????? ???????

????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??, ? / ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????, ?? ????, ???? ?????? nonradioactive, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.?

???? ???????????? ??????

????, ???? ????, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ????.???? ????? ???????? ?? (1) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? (2) ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????, 0.6 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? 12 ?????? ????? ????? ????.?

ALARA?

???? ????? ?? "????? ??? ???? ?????."??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????.

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?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????.??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 4 ? ???? ????? ?? 2.??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? (??? ????????? ??????).?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????.??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? radionuclides ??????? ???? ????.?

???? ???? ?? ????? (???)?

???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ???.???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? 5 REMS (0.05 sievert) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 50 ????? REMS (0.5 sievert) ??? ????? ??? ?? ????.?

?????

?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ??????.??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????.?

??????? ??????

??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? (?????), ?? ???? 2 ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? (Fusion).??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.?

?????? ??????? ??????

??????? ?????? ???? ???? 1946 ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 1974 ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? (???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???"?) ???????? ?????? ????"? ??????????.?

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???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????.

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??? ??????

??????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ????????????, ???? ????? (???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ), ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????.???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? 360 millirems ????.?

???? (BQ)?

????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??????.????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? "??" ??????.?37000000000 (3.7 × 1010) becquerels=1 ???? (Ci).?

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????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ??? ???? ? 1/1837 ?? ??????.?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????.?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????.?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? (????).?Emitters ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????.??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???.?

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????? ?????, ??????, ?? ??????, ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? (? ????? vivo) ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? (in vitro) ?? ???? ???????

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????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ?? ????, ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? (???? ???? ??????????) ?? ???? ?? ??.?

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????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????.?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ????: ????? kerma, ????.?

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