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?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???.???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 1? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? 38? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 89 ???? ??? ?? ???? 1. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 10/5 ???? ??? L-1? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? 8? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???.

?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? 2000 ?? ?? ?? ???? ??. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???.
??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? sheltie ? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??????. ????? ????? ???? 40.000 ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? 5 ?????? ??. ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?? ????? 30 ???? ?? ????? ???.

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???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? (?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???) ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??. ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??. ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???.

????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? (W)? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??. ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???.

?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? (????? ????) ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? remediating ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???.

?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.

?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? Christodoulatos ? ??????? Braida ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????: ???????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???.

??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????: sales@chinatungsten.com sales@xiamentungsten.com ? ?? ?? ????:86 592 5129696.

For many years, lead and depleted uranium were commonly used as a functional, cost-effective, and reliable choice in the manufacturing of munitions. When first brought into use, scientists knew little about the environmental effects of these materials. Depleted uranium was typically seen as constituent of kinetic energy penetrators (which uses kinetic energy to penetrate the target) in medium to large caliber munitions. Lead, most frequently used in small arms ammunition, was at that time also found in a variety of household products such as gasoline, rubber, paint, and printing supplies.

It was only after decades of use that scientists revealed that these materials pose serious threats to the environment. The search was on for a "green" alternative in munitions components.

Extensive analysis resulted in the testing of ????? (W), a naturally occurring element that exists in the form of minerals and other compounds, as a replacement for lead in small arms ammunition. ????? was considered to be environmentally benign, relatively insoluble in water, and nontoxic. Further???, tungsten-based munitions performed the same and were similar in costs to lead alternatives.

It seemed to be the ideal solution for greener munitions. Through the Department of Defense's (DoD) Green Ammunition Program, the lead core in military bullets was replaced with ????? composites. The DoD hoped to save millions in remediating contamination while at the same time contributing towards advancements in green technology.

However, after years of ????? use, the DoD chose to re-evaluate the material's potential environmental impact. Researchers from Stevens Institute of Technology identified a growing concern that ????? was not as "green" as initially thought, and began investigating how a cooperative pursuit of improved environmental protection and DoD requirements may be beneficial.

In response to this concern, Professors Christos Christodoulatos and Washington Braida of the center for environmental systems have undertaken a massive research effort aimed at identifying the specific nature of tungsten-based munitions and ultimately at minimizing the life-cycle environmental impacts and cost of munitions by researching the DoD's triple bottom line: mission, environment, and community.

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